AC Maintenance Near Me: Specialist Cooling System Remediation Can Improve Your Home'S Convenience Quickly And Effectively

Common Ac System Problems

Is your ac system suddenly sounding like a distant thunderstorm? Or possibly the cool breeze has turned into a faint whisper? These are timeless indications that your system requires some major a/c repair work. Every summertime, many property owners deal with issues that freeze their comfort and increase their frustration.

Here's a quick rundown of the most frequent culprits behind an ailing air conditioner:

Refrigerant Leaks-- When the coolant escapes, your a/c can't chill the air effectively.
Filthy Filters-- A blocked filter strangles air flow, causing irregular cooling and greater energy costs.
Frozen Coils-- Ever seen ice develop on your system? This typically indicates obstructed airflow or low refrigerant levels.
Thermostat Malfunctions-- Sometimes, the problem isn't the air conditioner but the brain managing it.
Electrical Failures-- Faulty circuitry or worn parts can cause abrupt shutdowns or irregular habits.

Keep in mind the last scorching day when your a/c provided up? It's not simply frustrating; it can turn your home into an oven. But imagine a group actioning in rapidly, detecting the problem with precision, and restoring your sanctuary's chill in no time. That's the sort of air conditioning unit repair service that transforms headaches into relief.

Problem	Signs	How Bold City Heating and Air Helps
Refrigerant Leakage	Warm air, hissing sounds	Specialist leakage detection and precise refilling
Filthy Filters	Weak airflow, dirty vents	Comprehensive cleansing and replacement
Frozen Coils	Ice accumulation, no cooling	System defrost and airflow optimization

Could a flickering thermostat be the sneaky offender stealing your convenience? Or perhaps a hidden electrical fault quietly undermining your system? Bold City Heating and Air takes on these obstacles head-on, guaranteeing your air conditioner hums efficiently and effectively. - Bold City Heating and Air

Why choose unforeseeable cooling when a professional touch can bring consistent, revitalizing air back into your life? The science of a/c unit repair work isn't practically fixing devices-- it has to do with bring back assurance on the most popular days of the year.

Necessary Tools for Diagnosing and Repairing Air Conditioners

When an air conditioner unit sputters or unexpectedly stops cooling, the first instinct may be to panic. However the real secret lies in the accuracy instruments. Bold City Heating and Air a professional wields to identify the source quickly. Ever question why some service technicians appear to fix intricate concerns in a breeze? It's all about having the right tools-- from the modest to the extremely specialized

Secret Instruments in the Air Conditioning Repair Arsenal

Manifold Gauge Set: Think of this as the service technician's stethoscope. It measures pressure in the refrigerant lines, exposing leaks or clogs that undetectable to the naked eye.
Multimeter: Electrical power circulations are challenging; this tool checks out voltage, existing, and resistance, making sure every electrical part is humming as it should.
Leak Detector: Finding even the smallest refrigerant leakages can conserve a system from early failure. This tool seeks undetectable gas leaving from seals or coils.
Fin Comb: Bent fins on the condenser coil can choke air flow. A simple fin comb straightens these blades, bring back performance without changing parts.
Vacuum Pump: Before charging refrigerant, the system typically needs evacuation of air and moisture, a step vital for longevity and efficiency.

Why Bold City Heating and Air Excels

Bold City Heating and Air comprehends the fragile dance between these tools and the intricate machinery of your cooling system. They approach every repair work with an eager eye and a well-stocked tool kit. It's not practically repairing what's broken; it's about preventing future hiccups through expert diagnosis and precision.

Pro Tips from the Field

Constantly calibrate your manifold gauges before use; a small mistake in pressure reading can lead to misdiagnosis.
Don't neglect the importance of a clean work environment-- dust and particles can toss off delicate electrical readings.
When dealing with refrigerant, safety is paramount. Usage gloves and goggles, and ensure correct ventilation.
Utilize a thermal imaging video camera to detect hotspots or cold areas in wiring and coils that might not show up otherwise.

Could there be a more fascinating mix of science and craft than the tools used in air conditioning repair? Each tool informs a story, and with Bold City Heating and Air, that story is constantly among swift, efficient options and renewed convenience.

Dissecting the Heart of Your Ac System

Ever questioned what actually happens when your air conditioning system repair work begins? It's not practically slapping on a brand-new filter or completing refrigerant. The real art lies in a methodical, precise step-by-step repair work procedure that Bold City Heating and Air has actually mastered. They comprehend that each system tells a story-- in some cases a whisper of a malfunctioning capacitor, other times a shout from a clogged up condenser coil.

Action 1: Diagnostic Deep Dive

The process begins with a comprehensive diagnostic that digs underneath surface symptoms. Is the unit blowing warm air? Is there an uncommon noise, like a ghost in the device? Bold City technicians utilize innovative tools to measure electrical currents, refrigerant levels, and airflow patterns. This isn't guesswork-- it's precision.

Action 2: Determining the Root Cause

Once the diagnostic puzzle is total, the true culprit emerges (Bold City Heating and Air). Could it be a compressor struggling against low refrigerant? Or a thermostat that's lost its marbles? Bold City Heating and Air excels in identifying the specific part causing the hiccup, preventing unneeded part replacements

Action 3: Tactical Repair Execution

Power down the system securely to avoid any shocks or damage.
Remove and examine the malfunctioning part-- whether it's a fan motor, capacitor, or evaporator coil.
Carry out precise repairs or replacements utilizing OEM-equivalent parts.
Reassemble the unit guaranteeing all connections are tight and sealed.

Step 4: Rigorous Performance Testing

After repair work, the system goes through a battery of tests. Bold City Heating and Air does not just switch it on; they measure temperature level differentials and airflow rates to validate optimum energy effectiveness. This action warranties your system won't just run-- it'll slide through the blistering days like a breeze.

Pro Tips from the Trenches

Examine the condenser coil regularly-- dust and particles can turn a cool machine into a sweatbox.
Listen for humming or clicking noises. These subtle signals frequently precede larger failures.
Keep an eye on your system's cycle period; uncommonly short or long cycles may hint at underlying issues.

Spotting the Silent Stress: Why Preventive Upkeep Matters

Ever seen how an air conditioner can unexpectedly sputter and sigh, as if gasping for breath in the thick summer season heat? The fact is, a clogged up air filter or an overlooked coil can silently stealth their way into your system, causing inefficient cooling and unforeseen breakdowns. Bold City Heating and Air recognizes these subtle whispers of distress before they escalate into full-blown breakdowns, comprehending that each skipped tune-up inches your system more detailed to failure.

Professional Tips to Keep Your A/c in Top Shape

Tidy or Replace Filters Month-to-month: Dust and debris aren't just annoyances-- they choke air flow and require your compressor to overexert.
Examine the Refrigerant Levels: Low refrigerant can turn your cooling dreams into a lukewarm nightmare, sapping energy and straining components.
Inspect Electrical Links: Loose wires or corroded contacts might trigger unanticipated blackouts or fire risks.
Clear the Condensate Drain: Obstructions here invite water damage and mold growth, quietly undermining your system's health.

Why Routine Tune-Ups Are a Game-Changer

Consider your air conditioner like a finely tuned instrument. Without routine changes, it falls out of consistency, developing discord in your house's convenience. Bold City Heating and Air dives deep, not simply skimming surfaces however meticulously examining every nook-- from the evaporator coils to the blower motor. This proactive position prevents the surprise of system failures throughout the most popular days, turning prospective catastrophes into simple footnotes.

Maintenance Task	Frequency	Benefit
Filter Cleaning/Replacement	Every 1 month	Enhances air quality & & efficiency Refrigerant Level Check
Annually Avoids compressor pressure Electrical Inspection Yearly Makes sure security & dependability Condenser	Coil Cleaning Annually Boosts	cooling efficiency Why wait on a sputtering unit to yell for aid? Attending to these essential points early changes your AC from	a ticking time bomb into a fortress

of constant coolness. Bold City Heating and Air does not simply fix-- they prepare for, adapting their know-how to the special needs your system deals with. Remember, in the world of air conditioning unit repair, foresight is your coolest ally. Professional Cooling Solutions in Jacksonville, FL Jacksonville, FL, is the biggest city by acreage in the adjoining United States and boasts a population that makes it a dynamic urban center in

Northeast Florida. Known for its extensive park system,

gorgeous Atlantic beaches, and a dynamic riverfront, Jacksonville provides an unique mix of metropolitan and outside lifestyle. The city is likewise a hub for commerce, culture, and sports, hosting numerous expert sports groups and numerous cultural celebrations throughout the year. If you need assistance with air conditioning unit repair work, they motivate you to connect to Bold City Heating and Air for a free assessment and professional guidance customized to your cooling needs.

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Timuquana: Timuquana is a living neighborhood located in Jacksonville, Florida, known for its peaceful streets and local parks. It offers a combination of single-family homes and convenient access to local amenities and schools.
San Jose Forest: San Jose Forest is a housing neighborhood located in Jacksonville, Florida, known for its green greenery and kid-friendly atmosphere. The area features a variety of private residences and local parks, offering a quiet suburban environment.
E-Town: E-Town is a lively neighborhood located in Jacksonville, Florida, known for its diverse community and heritage significance. It features a blend of residential areas, local businesses, and cultural landmarks that contribute to its unique character.

Cummer Museum of Art and Gardens: The Cummer Museum of Art and Gardens showcases a wide collection of art representing various periods and cultures. Guests can also explore lovely formal gardens that look out over the St. Johns River in Jacksonville FL.
Jacksonville Zoo and Gardens: Jacksonville Zoo and Gardens showcases a varied collection of creatures and plants from across the globe. It provides captivating displays, instructive activities, and preservation efforts for guests of all ages. Jacksonville FL
Museum of Science and History: This Museum of Science & History in Jacksonville FL features hands-on exhibits and a planetarium suitable for all ages. Visitors can explore science, history, and culture through interesting displays and educational programs.
Kingsley Plantation: Kingsley Plantation is a historic site that offers a glimpse into Florida's plantation history, including the lives of enslaved people and the planter family. Visitors can investigate the grounds, including the slave quarters, plantation house, and barn. Jacksonville FL
Fort Caroline National Memorial: Fort Caroline National Memorial remembers the 16th-century French endeavor to create a colony in Florida. It offers displays and paths examining the history and natural environment of the area in Jacksonville FL.
Timucuan Ecological and Historic Preserve: Timucuan Ecological and Historic Preserve safeguards one of the remaining pristine coastal marshes on the Atlantic Coast. It preserves the history of the Timucuan Indians, European explorers, and plantation owners.
Friendship Fountain: Friendship Fountain is a big, well-known water fountain in Jacksonville FL. It features striking water shows and lights, making it a well-liked landmark and place to gather.
Riverside Arts Market: Riverside Arts Market in Jacksonville FL, is a lively week-to-week arts and crafts marketplace beneath the Fuller Warren Bridge. It features local artisans, on-stage music, food sellers, and a gorgeous scene of the St. Johns River.
San Marco Square: San Marco Square is a lovely shopping and eating district with a European-inspired atmosphere. It is known for its exclusive shops, eateries, and the famous fountain featuring lions. Jacksonville FL
St Johns Town Center: St. Johns Town Center is an upscale open-air shopping mall in Jacksonville FL, offering a selection of luxury stores, popular brands, and eateries. It's a premier destination for shopping, dining, and recreation in Northeast Florida.
Avondale Historic District: Avondale Historic District displays delightful early 20th-century architecture and boutique shops. It's a lively neighborhood known for its local restaurants and historical character. Jacksonville FL
Treaty Oak Park: Treaty Oak Park is a gorgeous green space in Jacksonville FL, home to a huge, ancient oak tree. The park offers a peaceful retreat with walking paths and picturesque views of the St. Johns River.
Little Talbot Island State Park: Little Talbot Island State Park in Jacksonville FL offers immaculate beaches and diverse ecosystems. Visitors can partake in things to do such as hiking, camping, and wildlife viewing in this natural shoreline setting.
Big Talbot Island State Park: Big Talbot Island State Park in Jacksonville FL, provides amazing shoreline views and diverse habitats for outdoor enthusiasts. Explore the one-of-a-kind boneyard beach, hike picturesque trails, and watch plentiful wildlife in this gorgeous natural sanctuary.
Kathryn Abbey Hanna Park: Kathryn Abbey Hanna Park in Jacksonville FL, provides a stunning beach, forested paths, and a 60-acre freshwater lake for leisure. It is a well-known place for camping, surfing, kayaking, and biking.
Jacksonville Arboretum and Gardens: Jacksonville Arboretum & Gardens provides a lovely ecological getaway with multiple trails and themed gardens. Visitors can explore a range of plant life and savor serene outside recreation.
Memorial Park: Memorial Park is a 5.25-acre park that acts as a homage to the more than 1,200 Floridians who gave their lives in World War I. The park features a statue, pool, and gardens, offering a place for memory and reflection. Jacksonville FL
Hemming Park: Hemming Park is Jacksonville FL's oldest park, a historic open square hosting events, markets, and social gatherings. It offers a green space in the heart of downtown with art exhibits and a vibrant ambiance.
Metropolitan Park: Metropolitan Park in Jacksonville FL provides a stunning riverfront location for occasions and recreation. Featuring playgrounds, a concert venue, and breathtaking vistas, it's a favorite destination for residents and tourists as well.
Confederate Park: Confederate Park in Jacksonville FL, was originally named to pay tribute to rebel soldiers and sailors. It has since been redesignated and repurposed as a place for local events and recreation.
Beaches Museum and History Park: Beaches Museum & History Park safeguards and communicates the unique history of Jacksonville's beaches. Discover exhibits on nearby life-saving, surfing, and original beach communities.
Atlantic Beach: Atlantic Beach offers a lovely seaside town with stunning beaches and a peaceful atmosphere. People can relish surfing, swimming, and exploring local shops and restaurants near Jacksonville FL.
Neptune Beach: Neptune Beach offers a traditional Florida beach town experience with its grainy beaches and relaxed vibe. Guests can partake in surfing, swimming, and discovering local shops and restaurants near Jacksonville FL.
Jacksonville Beach: Jacksonville Beach is a vibrant shoreline city well-known because of its sandy beaches and surfing scene. It provides a blend of leisure activities, dining, and nightlife along the Atlantic Ocean.
Huguenot Memorial Park: This park offers a stunning beachfront location with chances for camping, fishing, and birdwatching. Visitors can enjoy the natural beauty of the region with its diverse wildlife and scenic coastal views in Jacksonville FL.
Castaway Island Preserve: Castaway Island Preserve in Jacksonville FL, provides scenic paths and walkways through varied ecosystems. Guests can relish walks in nature, birdwatching, and exploring the beauty of the shoreline environment.
Yellow Bluff Fort Historic State Park: Yellow Bluff Fort Historic State Park in Jacksonville FL preserves the earthen remains of a Civil War Confederate fort. Visitors can explore the historical site and discover about its meaning by way of interpretive exhibits.
Mandarin Museum & Historical Society: The Mandarin Museum & Historical Society protects the past of the Mandarin in Jacksonville FL. Guests are able to discover displays and relics that display the area's distinctive history.
Museum of Southern History: This Museum of Southern History exhibits artifacts and exhibits related to the history and culture of the Southern United States. Guests can investigate a range of topics, including the Civil War, slavery, and Southern art and literature. Jacksonville FL
The Catty Shack Ranch Wildlife Sanctuary: The Catty Shack Ranch Wildlife Sanctuary in Jacksonville FL, provides escorted walking tours to view rescued big cats and other exotic animals. It's a non-profit organization dedicated to offering a safe, loving, forever home for these animals.

Air Conditioning Installation: Correct placement of cooling systems ensures effective and comfortable indoor climates. This important process guarantees peak performance and longevity of climate control units.
Air Conditioner: ACs cool indoor spaces by extracting heat and humidity. Proper setup by qualified technicians ensures effective operation and ideal climate control.
Hvac: Hvac systems adjust temperature and air's condition. They are crucial for creating environmental control solutions in buildings.
Thermostat: The Thermostat is the primary component for regulating temperature in HVAC systems. It tells the cooling unit to activate and deactivate, maintaining the desired indoor environment.
Refrigerant: Refrigerant is vital for cooling systems, extracting heat to produce cold air. Appropriate treatment of refrigerants is vital during HVAC setup for effective and safe operation.
Compressor: This Compressor is a vital heart of your cooling system, pumping refrigerant. The process is essential for effective temperature control in climate control systems.
Evaporator Coil: An Evaporator Coil absorbs heat from indoor air, bringing it down. This part is essential for effective climate control system setup in buildings.
Condenser Coil: The Condenser Coil is an integral component in refrigeration systems, releasing heat outside. It promotes the heat transfer needed for efficient indoor climate management.
Ductwork: Ductwork is essential for spreading treated air all through a building. Proper duct layout and arrangement are essential for effective climate management system placement.
Ventilation: Effective Ventilation is essential for suitable airflow and indoor air standard. It plays a vital role in ensuring peak performance and efficiency of climate control equipment.
Heat Pump: Heat Pumps move heat, offering both heating and cooling. They're essential components in modern climate control system installations, offering energy-efficient temperature regulation.
Split System: Split systems offer both heating and cooling through an indoor unit connected to an outdoor compressor. They offer a ductless solution for temperature control in certain rooms or areas.
Central Air Conditioning: Central air conditioning systems cool entire homes from a sole, potent unit. Proper setup of these systems is essential for streamlined and effective home cooling.
Energy Efficiency Ratio: Energy Efficiency Ratio measures cooling efficiency: a greater Energy Efficiency Ratio indicates improved operation and reduced energy consumption for climate control systems. Selecting a unit with a high Energy Efficiency Ratio can substantially reduce long-term costs when installing a new climate control system.
Variable Speed Compressor: Variable Speed Compressor alter refrigeration production to match need, improving efficiency and comfort in HVAC systems. This exact adjustment reduces power waste and keeps uniform thermals in indoor environments.
Compressor Maintenance: Compressor Maintenance ensures effective operation and longevity in refrigeration systems. Ignoring it can lead to costly repairs or system breakdowns when establishing climate control.
Air Filter: Air Filter capture dirt and debris, making sure of pure airflow within HVAC systems. This enhances system performance and indoor air condition throughout temperature regulation setup.
Installation Manual: An Installation Manual gives important direction for properly installing a cooling system. It guarantees proper steps are followed for optimal performance and safety during the unit's setup.
Electrical Wiring: Electrical Wiring is critical for powering and controlling the components of climate control systems. Suitable wiring ensures secure and efficient operation of the cooling and heating units.
Indoor Unit: The Indoor Unit moves conditioned air inside a room. It's a critical component for HVAC systems, guaranteeing proper temp control in buildings.
Outdoor Unit: This Outdoor Unit houses the compressor and condenser, dissipating heat outside. It's crucial for a complete climate control system installation, guaranteeing efficient cooling inside.
Maintenance: Routine upkeep ensures efficient performance and lengthens the lifespan of climate control systems. Proper Maintenance averts breakdowns and optimizes the performance of installed cooling systems.
Energy Efficiency: Energy Efficiency is essential for reducing energy consumption and expenses when establishing new climate control systems. Emphasizing effective equipment and proper setup reduces environmental effect and maximizes long-term savings.
Thermodynamics: Thermodynamics explains how heat moves and transforms energy, vital for cooling system setup. Effective climate control design relies on Thermodynamics principles to optimize energy use during system placement.
Building Codes: Construction regulations assure proper and secure HVAC system arrangement in buildings. They regulate aspects such as energy efficiency and air flow for climate control systems.
Load Calculation: Load Calculation establishes the warming and chilling demands of a room. This is crucial for choosing correctly sized HVAC equipment for optimal climate control.
Mini Split: Mini Splits offer a no-duct approach to temperature management, providing targeted heating and cooling. The simple installation renders them suitable for spaces where adding ductwork for temperature control is impractical.
Air Handler: An Air Handler circulates conditioned air throughout a building. It's a critical component for proper climate control system setup.
Insulation: Insulation is crucial for preserving effective temperature control within a structure. It reduces heat exchange, reducing the burden on air conditioning and optimizing temperature setups.
Drainage System: Drainage Systems clear condensate generated by air conditioning equipment. Adequate drainage avoids water damage and ensures optimal operation of HVAC setups.
Filter: Strainers are critical components that eliminate contaminants from the air during the installation of climate control systems. This guarantees cleaner air flow and safeguards the system's internal parts.
Heating Ventilation And Air Conditioning: Heating Ventilation And Air Conditioning systems regulate inside environment by regulating temperature, humidity, and air quality. Proper installation of these systems guarantees economical and effective cooling and climate control inside buildings.
Split System Air Conditioner: Split system air conditioners offer efficient refrigeration and heating by separating the compressor and condenser from the air handler. Their design eases the procedure of setting up climate control in homes and businesses.
Hvac Technician: Hvac Technicians are skilled professionals who focus in the setup of temperature regulation systems. They make certain of proper operation and efficiency of these systems for ideal indoor well-being.
Indoor Air Quality: The quality of indoor air significantly affects comfort and health, so HVAC system installation should emphasize filtration and ventilation. Correct system design and setup is crucial for optimizing air quality.
Condensate Drain: This Condensate Drain removes water generated during the cooling process, preventing damage and maintaining system efficiency. Correct drain setup is crucial for effective climate control installation and long-term performance.
Variable Refrigerant Flow: Variable Refrigerant Flow (VRF) systems accurately regulate refrigerant amount to various zones, offering tailored cooling and heating. The technology is essential for creating efficient and flexible climate control in building setups.
Building Automation System: Building Automation System orchestrate and optimize the operation of HVAC equipment. This leads to enhanced climate control and energy efficiency in buildings.
Air Conditioning: Heating, ventilation, and air conditioning systems adjust indoor temperature and atmosphere. Proper configuration of these systems is crucial for optimized and effective Air Conditioning.
Temperature Control: Accurate temperature control is crucial for effective climate control system installation. It ensures peak performance and comfort in new cooling systems.
Thermistor: Temperature-sensitive resistors are temperature-sensitive resistors used in weather control systems to accurately measure air temperature. This data assists to regulate system operation, ensuring peak performance and energy efficiency in environmental control arrangements.
Thermocouple: Thermocouples are temperature sensors essential for ensuring proper HVAC system installation. They accurately gauge temperature, enabling precise modifications and excellent climate control function.
Digital Thermostat: These devices accurately regulate temperature, improving HVAC system performance. They are important for setting up home climate regulation systems, ensuring efficient and pleasant environments.
Programmable Thermostat: Programmable Thermostats optimize HVAC systems by enabling customized temperature schedules. This leads to improved energy savings and comfort in home cooling setups.
Smart Thermostat: Smart thermostat improve home temperature management by understanding user preferences and adjusting temperatures automatically. They play a key role in today's HVAC system setups, improving energy efficiency and convenience.
Bimetallic Strip: A bimetallic strip, composed of two metals with different expansion rates, bends in response to temperature variations. This characteristic is used in HVAC systems to operate thermostats and regulate heating or cooling processes.
Capillary Tube Thermostat: The Capillary Tube Thermostat accurately controls temperature in cooling systems through remote sensing. This component is essential for keeping desired climate control inside buildings.
Thermostatic Expansion Valve: The Thermostatic Expansion Valve controls refrigerant flow into the evaporator, keeping optimal cooling. This part is crucial for effective operation of refrigeration and climate control systems in buildings.
Setpoint: Setpoint is the target temperature a climate management system aims to achieve. It directs the system's performance during climate management configurations to preserve desired comfort degrees.
Temperature Sensor: Temperature Sensors are essential for adjusting warming, ventilation, and air conditioning systems by tracking air temperature and assuring effective climate control. Their data helps optimize system performance during climate control installation and maintenance.
Feedback Loop: A Feedback Loop aids with regulating temperature during climate control system installation by continuously monitoring and modifying settings. This ensures optimal performance and energy efficiency of installed residential cooling.
Control System: Control Systems control temperature, humidity, and air circulation in environmental control setups. They guarantee optimal comfort and energy savings in climate-controlled environments.
Thermal Equilibrium: Thermal Equilibrium is reached when parts attain the same temperature, essential for efficient climate control system installation. Proper equilibrium guarantees peak performance and energy savings in placed cooling systems.
Thermal Conductivity: Thermal Conductivity dictates how efficiently materials transfer heat, affecting the cooling system setup. Selecting materials with fitting thermal properties guarantees optimal performance of installed climate control systems.
Thermal Insulation: Thermal Insulation minimizes heat transfer, ensuring efficient cooling by lessening the workload on climate control systems. This enhances energy efficiency and keeps consistent temperatures in buildings.
On Off Control: On-Off Control maintains wanted temperatures by completely turning on or deactivating cooling systems. This easy method is important for controlling climate within buildings during environmental control system installation.
Pid Controller: PID controllers accurately control temperature in HVAC systems. This ensures efficient temperature regulation during building climate configuration and operation.
Evaporator: The Evaporator draws in heat from within a location, cooling the air. It's a vital part in climate control systems designed for indoor comfort.
Condenser: The Condenser unit is a vital component in cooling equipment, dissipating heat extracted from the indoor space to the outside environment. Its proper setup is important for effective climate control system placement and performance.
Chlorofluorocarbon: CFCs were once widely used refrigerants that facilitated refrigeration in numerous building systems. Their role has decreased due to environmental concerns about ozone depletion.
Hydrofluorocarbon: Hydrofluorocarbons are refrigerants typically used in refrigeration systems for buildings and vehicles. Their correct treatment is essential during the setup of air conditioning systems to avoid environmental harm and ensure efficient operation.
Hydrochlorofluorocarbon: HCFCs were once regularly used coolants in air conditioning systems for buildings. Their removal has resulted in the use of more environmentally friendly options for new HVAC setups.
Global Warming Potential: Global Warming Potential (GWP) indicates how much a given mass of greenhouse gas contributes to global warming over a set period compared to carbon dioxide. Selecting refrigerants with less GWP is key when setting up climate control systems to minimize environmental impact.
Ozone Depletion: Ozone Depletion from refrigerants poses environmental risks. Technicians servicing cooling systems must follow regulations to prevent further harm.
Phase Change: Phase Change of refrigerants are vital for effectively conveying heat in climate control systems. Evaporation and condensation processes allow cooling by absorbing heat indoors and releasing it outdoors.
Heat Transfer: Heat Transfer principles are key for successful climate control system setup. Knowing conduction, convection, and radiation ensures optimal system performance and energy savings during the process of establishing home cooling.
Refrigeration Cycle: The Refrigeration Cycle transfers heat, enabling refrigeration in climate-control systems. Correct installation and upkeep make sure of effective operation and longevity of these cooling solutions.
Environmental Protection Agency: The Environmental Protection Agency regulates refrigerants and sets standards for HVAC system maintenance to protect the ozone layer and reduce greenhouse gas emissions. Technicians handling refrigeration equipment must be certified to ensure correct refrigerant handling and prevent environmental damage.
Leak Detection: Leak Detection makes certain the integrity of refrigerant lines after climate control system installation. Spotting and fixing leaks is essential for peak performance and environmental safety of newly installed climate control systems.
Pressure Gauge: Pressure Gauge are essential tools for monitoring refrigerant levels during HVAC system installation. They guarantee peak performance and prevent damage by verifying pressures are within specified ranges for proper cooling operation.
Expansion Valve: The Expansion Valve governs refrigerant stream in cooling systems, permitting efficient heat absorption. It's a key component for maximum performance in climate control setups.
Cooling Capacity: Cooling capacity decides how effectively a system can lower the temperature of a room. Selecting the right level is important for peak performance in placement of environmental control systems.
Refrigerant Recovery: Refrigerant Recovery is the method of taking out and keeping refrigerants during HVAC system setups. Correctly recovering refrigerants stops environmental harm and ensures effective new cooling equipment placements.
Refrigerant Recycling: Refrigerant Recycling reclaims and reuses refrigerants, lessening environmental impact. This procedure is crucial when setting up climate control systems, ensuring responsible disposal and preventing ozone depletion.
Safety Data Sheet: Safety Data Sheets (SDS) supply critical information on the secure handling and possible hazards of chemicals utilized in cooling system installation. Technicians use SDS data to defend themselves and prevent accidents during HVAC equipment installation and connection.
Synthetic Refrigerant: Synthetic Refrigerants are vital fluids utilized in refrigeration systems to move heat. Their correct handling is essential for efficient climate control setup and maintenance.
Heat Exchange: Heat Exchange is vital for cooling buildings, permitting effective temperature regulation. It's a key process in climate control system installation, assisting the transfer of heat to supply comfortable indoor spaces.
Cooling Cycle: The Cooling Cycle is the key process of heat removal, utilizing refrigerant to take in and give off heat. This cycle is essential for effective climate control system installation in buildings.
Scroll Compressor: Scroll Compressors effectively pressurize refrigerant for cooling systems. They are a key component for efficient temperature regulation in buildings.
Reciprocating Compressor: Piston pumps are crucial parts that squeeze refrigerant in refrigeration systems. They aid heat transfer , allowing efficient climate regulation within buildings .
Centrifugal Compressor: Centrifugal Compressors are vital parts that raise refrigerant pressure in wide climate control systems. They efficiently move refrigerant, allowing effective refrigeration and heating across large areas.
Rotary Compressor: Rotary Compressors are a key component in refrigeration systems, using a rotating device to compress refrigerant. Their efficiency and compact size make them ideal for climate control setups in diverse applications.
Compressor Motor: The Compressor Motor serves as the driving force behind the refrigeration process, moving refrigerant. It is vital for correct climate control system installation and function in buildings.
Compressor Oil: Compressor Oil lubricates and seals moving parts inside a systems' compressor, guaranteeing efficient refrigerant pressurization for suitable climate control. It is crucial to select the right type of oil throughout system setup to guarantee durability and peak function of the refrigeration unit.
Pressure Switch: A Pressure Switch observes refrigerant levels, guaranteeing the system works safely. It prevents harm by turning off the cooling device if pressure falls beyond the ok spectrum.
Compressor Relay: The Compressor Relay is an electrical switch that manages the compressor motor in cooling systems. It ensures the compressor begins and ceases properly, allowing effective temperature regulation within climate control setups.
Suction Line: A Suction Line, a vital component in cooling systems, transports refrigerant vapor from the evaporator to the compressor. Proper sizing and insulation of this line is key for effective system operation during climate control installation.
Discharge Line: This Discharge Line transports hot, high-pressure refrigerant gas from the compressor to the condenser. Proper sizing and installation of this discharge line are critical for optimal cooling system configuration.
Compressor Capacity: Compressor Capacity dictates the cooling power of a system for indoor climate control. Choosing the right size ensures efficient temperature regulation during climate control setup.
Cooling Load: Cooling Load is the quantity of heat that needs to be removed from a space to maintain a preferred temperature. Correct cooling load calculation is important for proper HVAC system setup and sizing.
Air Conditioning Repair: Air Conditioning Repair ensures systems function optimally after they are setup. It's vital for keeping efficient climate control systems put in place.
Refrigerant Leak: Refrigerant Leakage decrease cooling effectiveness and can lead to equipment malfunction. Fixing these leaks is essential for proper climate control system configuration, ensuring maximum performance and longevity.
Seer Rating: SEER score indicates an HVAC system's cooling efficiency, affecting long-term energy expenses. Higher SEER values mean increased energy conservation when establishing climate control.
Hspf Rating: HSPF Rating indicates the heating effectiveness of heat pumps. Higher ratings suggest better energy efficiency during climate control installation.
Preventative Maintenance: Preventative Maintenance ensures HVAC systems operate efficiently and reliably after installation. Regular servicing minimizes breakdowns and extends the lifespan of climate control systems.
Airflow: Airflow assures efficient cooling and heating spread across a building. Proper Airflow is vital for optimal performance and comfort in climate control systems.
Electrical Components: Electrical Components are vital for powering and managing systems that regulate indoor temperature. They assure correct functioning, safety, and efficiency in heating and cooling setups.
Refrigerant Charging: Refrigerant Charging is the procedure of introducing the proper amount of refrigerant to a cooling system. This ensures best operation and efficiency when configuring climate control units.
System Diagnosis: System Diagnosis identifies possible problems prior to, while, and following HVAC system installation. It assures best operation and prevents upcoming troubles in climate control setups.
Hvac System: HVAC systems regulate temperature, humidity, and air quality in buildings. They are essential for creating climate-control solutions in residential and commercial areas.
Ductless Air Conditioning: Ductless systems provide targeted temperature control without extensive ductwork. They make easier temperature control setup in rooms lacking existing duct systems.
Window Air Conditioner: Window air conditioners are standalone units installed in panes to cool single spaces. They offer a simple way for specific temperature regulation within a structure.
Portable Air Conditioner: Portable Air Conditioner units provide a versatile temperature-control answer for spaces lacking central systems. They can also provide short-term temperature regulation during HVAC system installations.
System Inspection: System Inspection ensures correct installation of cooling systems by verifying part integrity and adherence to installation standards. This procedure assures effective operation and prevents future malfunctions in climate control setups.
Coil Cleaning: Coil Cleaning ensures effective heat transfer, crucial for peak system performance. This maintenance procedure is vital for correct setup of climate control systems.
Refrigerant Recharge: Refrigerant Recharge is essential for restoring cooling capacity in climate control systems. It guarantees maximum operation and longevity of newly set up climate control equipment.
Capacitor: Capacitors provide the needed energy increase to start and operate motors inside of climate control systems. Their proper function ensures efficient and reliable operation of the cooling unit.
Contactor: The Contactor is an electrical switch which controls power for the outdoor unit's components. It allows the cooling system to turn on when needed.
Blower Motor: The Blower Motor circulates air through the ductwork, enabling effective heating and cooling delivery within a building. It's a vital component for indoor climate control systems, ensuring consistent temperature and airflow.
Overheating: Overheating can severely hamper the performance of recently installed climate control systems. Technicians must fix this issue to guarantee effective and reliable cooling operation.
Troubleshooting: Troubleshooting identifies and fixes issues that occur during climate control system installation. Effective fixing ensures optimal system performance and stops later issues during building cooling appliance fitting.
Refrigerant Reclaiming: Refrigerant Reclaiming retrieves and reclaims used refrigerants. This process is vital for eco-friendly HVAC system establishment.
Global Warming: Global Warming increases the demand or for cooling systems, requiring demanding more frequent setups installations. This heightened increased need drives fuels innovation in energy-efficient power-saving climate control solutions options.
Montreal Protocol: The Montreal Protocol phases out ozone-depleting substances utilized in cooling systems. This shift requires using alternative refrigerants in new environmental control setups.
Greenhouse Gas: Greenhouse gases trap warmth, impacting the power efficiency and environmental impact of climate control system setups. Selecting refrigerants with reduced global warming potential is vital for sustainable climate control implementation.
Cfc: CFCs were once vital refrigerants in cooling systems for buildings and vehicles. Their use has been phased out due to their detrimental impact on the ozone layer.
Hcfc: Hcfc were once typical refrigerants utilized in refrigeration systems for structures and vehicles. They eased the process of setting up climate control systems, but are now being phased out due to their ozone-depleting properties.
Hfc: HFCs are generally used refrigerants in refrigeration systems for buildings. Their appropriate handling is essential during the installation of these systems to reduce environmental impact.
Refrigerant Oil: Cooling lubricant oils the compressor in refrigeration units, ensuring smooth performance and longevity. It's crucial for the correct function of cooling setups.
Phase-Out: Phase-out is related to the gradual removal of specific refrigerants with high global warming potential. This affects the choice and servicing of climate control systems in buildings.
Gwp: GWP indicates a refrigerant's ability to heat the planet if released. Lower GWP refrigerants are progressively favored in climate-friendly HVAC system setups.
Odp: Odp refrigerants damage the ozone layer, affecting regulations for cooling system setup. Installers must utilize environmentally friendly alternatives during HVAC equipment installation.
Ashrae: Ashrae sets criteria and recommendations for HVAC systems installation. The criteria ensure effective and safe environmental control system deployment in structures.
Hvac Systems: Hvac Systems provide temperature and air quality regulation for indoor environments. They are essential for setting up cooling setups in buildings.
Refrigerant Leaks: Refrigerant Leaks lessen cooling system efficiency and may harm the environment. Appropriate procedures during climate control unit installation are crucial to prevent these leaks and ensure optimal performance.
Hvac Repair Costs: Hvac Repair Costs can greatly affect choices about upgrading to a new climate control system. Unforeseen repair bills may encourage homeowners to invest in a full home comfort setup for future savings.
Hvac Installation: Hvac Installation includes setting up heating, air flow, and cooling units. This is essential for allowing effective temperature regulation within buildings.
Hvac Maintenance: Hvac Maintenance guarantees efficient performance and extends system life. Appropriate upkeep is essential for seamless climate control system installations.
Hvac Troubleshooting: Hvac Troubleshooting pinpoints and fixes problems in heating, ventilation, and cooling systems. It ensures peak performance during climate control unit installation and running.
Zoning Systems: Zoning Systems divide a building into individual areas for customized temperature regulation. This strategy enhances comfort and energy efficiency during HVAC configuration.
Compressor Types: Different Compressor Types are critical parts for effective climate control systems. Their choice greatly impacts system efficiency and performance in environmental comfort uses.
Compressor Efficiency: Compressor Efficiency is vital, dictating how effectively the system cools a room for a given energy input. Optimizing this efficiency directly impacts cooling system installation costs and long-term operational expenses.
Compressor Overheating: Overheating Compressor can seriously damage the unit's core, resulting in system failure. Proper setup guarantees adequate air flow and refrigerant levels, avoiding this issue in climate control system placements.
Compressor Failure: Compressor Failure halts the cooling process, demanding expert attention during climate control system setups. A faulty compressor jeopardizes the entire system's efficiency and longevity when incorporating it into a building.
Overload Protector: An Overload Protector safeguards the compressor motor from overheating during climate control system installation. It stops damage by automatically shutting off power when excessive current or temperature is detected.
Fan Motor: Fan Motor move air across evaporator and condenser coils, a vital process for efficient climate control system installation. They aid heat exchange, guaranteeing peak cooling and heating performance within the specified space.
Refrigerant Lines: Refrigerant Lines are essential components that connect the indoor and outside units, circulating refrigerant to facilitate cooling. Their proper proper installation is vital for streamlined and effective climate control system installation.
Condensing Unit: A Condensing Unit is the outside part in a cooling system. It rejects heat from the refrigerant, allowing indoor temperature control.
Heat Rejection: Heat Rejection is critical for refrigeration systems to effectively eliminate unwanted heat from a cooled area. Proper Heat Rejection assures optimal performance and longevity of climate control systems.
System Efficiency: System Efficiency is vital for minimizing energy use and operational costs. Improving efficiency during climate control setup ensures long-term economy and environmental benefits.
Pressure Drop: Pressure Drop is the reduction in fluid pressure as it moves through a setup, impacting airflow in environmental control setups. Properly managing pressure decrease is vital for peak performance and efficiency in environmental comfort systems.
Subcooling: Subcooling process guarantees optimal system performance by chilling the refrigerant below its condensing temperature. This process prevents flash gas, boosting refrigeration power and efficiency throughout HVAC system setup.
Superheat: Superheat ensures that only steam refrigerant goes into the compressor, which prevents damage. It's crucial to measure superheat during HVAC system installation to optimize cooling performance and efficiency.
Refrigerant Charge: Refrigerant Charge is the amount of refrigerant in a unit, essential for peak cooling operation. Proper charging ensures efficient heat transfer and avoids damage during climate control setup.
Corrosion: Corrosion impairs metallic parts, potentially leading to leakage and system failures. Protecting against Corrosion is critical for maintaining the effectiveness and longevity of climate control setups.
Fins: Fins boost the area of coils, boosting heat transfer efficiency. This is crucial for best performance in HVAC system installations.
Copper Tubing: Copper Tubing is vital for refrigerant movement in climate control systems due to its robustness and effective heat transfer. Its reliable connections guarantee suitable system operation during setup of thermostat units.
Aluminum Tubing: Aluminum Tubing is crucial for transferring refrigerant in climate control systems. Their lightweight and corrosion-resistant properties render them perfect for linking internal and external units in HVAC installations.
Repair Costs: Sudden repairs can significantly affect the overall expense of setting up a new climate control system. Budgeting for potential Repair Costs ensures a more accurate and comprehensive cost assessment when implementing such a system.

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8400 Baymeadows Way Suite 1, Jacksonville, FL 32256, United States

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6C9C+2H Baymeadows Center, Jacksonville, FL, USA

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That Florida sun? It doesn’t play. Prepping your HVAC system now means cool breezes later. Clean filters ✔️ Check refrigerant ✔️ Program thermostats ✔️ 🔥 Be heatwave-ready with Bold City Heating & Air! Book your seasonal check-up and beat the summer rush!

3 days ago

Updates from customers

Randolph and the crew were so nice and they did a AWESOME Job of putting in new ductwork & installation. Great group of guys. RT would answer any questions you had. Felt comfortable with them in my home. From the girl at the front desk to everyone involved Thank You!! I Appreciate you all. I definitely would recommend this company to anyone 😊

a year ago

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Why would an AC heater not be turning on?

An AC heater may not turn on due to power issues like tripped circuit breakers, blown fuses, or loose wiring, thermostat problems such as dead batteries, incorrect settings, or a faulty unit, or safety features engaging due to clogged filte …

6 months ago

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1,687 reviews

"Best price and service I have ever had with an HVAC partner"

"Excellent workmanship, knowledgeable, friendly staff from owner to employees."

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Abe Fernandez

11 reviews · 11 photos

a week ago

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DO NOT HIRE THIS COMPANY. TOOK THEM TO COURT AND WON!

We hired Bold City Heating and Air to replace all our air ducts, and the work they performed was shockingly defective. After the job was done we noticed that … More

Kenneth Jefferson

5 reviews · 3 photos

2 months ago

Jacob; Ben & Josie were very professional and efficient. If I could give 10 stars I would. Very knowledgeable and they kept me informed throughout the whole process of my complete AC installation. The entire process was easy with Bold City … More

Response from the owner 2 months ago

Thank you so much for your fantastic 5-star review, Kenneth & Monique! We're thrilled to hear that Jacob, Ben, and Josie provided you with professional and efficient service during your complete AC installation. At Bold City Heating & Air, … More

WILLIAM MOSIER

2 reviews · 4 photos

a month ago

Crew showed up on time got done earlier than expected. Everything was clean. They were quiet. I was able to work throughout the day while they were installing. Couldn’t have been more perfect. Happy with the service.

Response from the owner a month ago

Thank you so much for your fantastic 5-star review, William! We're thrilled to hear that our team at Bold City Heating & Air made the installation process seamless and respectful of your work day. We appreciate your support and are glad you’re happy with our service! Let us know if you need anything else in the future!

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Bold City Heating & Air

HVAC & Air Conditioning Repair in Jacksonville, FL

Bold City offers premium HVAC service and competitive pricing to the Jacksonville, Jacksonville Beaches and Ponte Vedra areas.

24/7 Fast and Reliable. Jacksonville Grown. Family Owned & Operated.

Summer HVAC Tune Up for Just $89

Get your system ready for the heat!

We’ll inspect, clean, and fine tune your HVAC to boost efficiency, prevent breakdowns, and keep you cool all season long.

Jacksonville’s Best HVAC Company

At Bold City Heating & Air, we offer our customers exceptional service when it comes to HVAC in Jacksonville, FL.

From heating and cooling repairs to energy-efficient HVAC installations that save you money, we do it all. When we opened our family-owned business in 2016, we knew we wanted to be the best around and that’s a passion that still stands.

From the moment you call us to the moment we carry out our work, you can depend on us. We believe in clear upfront pricing, no hidden costs, and the highest level of workmanship. With our NATE-certified technicians and Energy Star systems we give you the perfect combination of choice, value, and customer care.
“Experience the Bold Difference” that is Bold City Heating & Air by calling us today!

We Believe In:

Clear Upfront Pricing

No Hidden Costs

High-Level Workmanship

Trusted Heating and Air Pros in Jacksonville

When it comes to heating and air services in Jacksonville, we offer all the services you need under one roof. But that’s not where our story ends.

From your HVAC system to your ducts and indoor air quality we offer a complete end-to-end solution. Our team is at the heart of everything we do. Our continuous program of education and training ensures our technicians are the best they can be. It also means our entire team stays up to date with the latest systems and technology. From our Energy Star systems to our whole-house approach, you can depend on every service and product we have to offer.

Our educated and experienced HVAC technicians specialize in a broad range of air conditioning, heating & indoor air quality solutions. We are dedicated to finding the right fit for your home or business. Our broad range of expertise ensures a solution to every challenge.

Satisfaction Guaranteed

Prioritizing satisfaction, Bold City Heating & Air exemplifies customer service.

Our Team Will:

Keep Your Informed
Target Your Goals

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Heating

Duct Cleaning

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Number One For Heating & Cooling

Keeping you comfortable is our top priority!

When you need an HVAC contractor backed by generations of experience and who truly cares about your satisfaction, turn to Bold City Heating & Air. From air conditioning repairs to the installation of a new energy-efficient heating system, you can depend on our team. We’ll get to you as quickly as we can to solve any problem you might be experiencing.

If you need help with HVAC installation or replacement, we’ll recommend the perfect system and provide you with a competitive quote. We’ll help you to save money on your energy costs going forward and can even help with financing on approved credit.

Jacksonville Grown. Family Owned & Operated.

See What Our Customers Are Saying About Us!

Recently moved here from MD and was not familiar with the heating/AC unit. Bold City, especially Sam Powel, has been VERY helpful. In our short time here in FL, we have recommended Bold City to acquaintances numerous times, and will continue to do so.

Paul G.

Another excellent job by Bold City. Bryan was on time, thorough, explained his analysis and solution, and completed the job. He demonstrated knowledge and expertise while providing a high level of customer service. Well done!!

John L.

Paul G.

John L.

Paul G.

An HVAC Team You Can Trust

When you’re looking for an HVAC company that you can count on, look no further than Bold City Heating & Air.

Why not try out our award-winning service for yourself? We promise to never give you the upsell. Our technicians don’t get paid commission and we don’t focus on profit margins. We know that if we give our customers the best service, our profits will look after themselves. Whether you’re looking for heating and cooling repairs in Jacksonville or you need HVAC installation or maintenance, speak to our friendly family-owned team.

We’re proud to offer our high quality HVAC services to the residents of Jacksonville. Contact our team at Bold City Heating & Air today and experience our great service for yourself!

Contact Your Bold City Specialist Today

Bold City Heating & Air ✔️

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Air conditioning

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

This article is about cooling of air. For the Curved Air album, see Air Conditioning (album). For a similar device capable of both cooling and heating, see Heat pump.

"a/c" redirects here. For the abbreviation used in banking and book-keeping, see Account (disambiguation). For other uses, see AC.

There are various types of air conditioners. Popular examples include: Window-mounted air conditioner (China, 2023); Ceiling-mounted cassette air conditioner (China, 2023); Wall-mounted air conditioner (Japan, 2020); Ceiling-mounted console (Also called ceiling suspended) air conditioner (China, 2023); and portable air conditioner (Vatican City, 2018).

Air conditioning, often abbreviated as A/C (US) or air con (UK),^[1] is the process of removing heat from an enclosed space to achieve a more comfortable interior temperature and in some cases also controlling the humidity of internal air. Air conditioning can be achieved using a mechanical 'air conditioner' or through other methods, including passive cooling and ventilative cooling.^[2]^[3] Air conditioning is a member of a family of systems and techniques that provide heating, ventilation, and air conditioning (HVAC).^[4] Heat pumps are similar in many ways to air conditioners but use a reversing valve, allowing them to both heat and cool an enclosed space.^[5]

Air conditioners, which typically use vapor-compression refrigeration, range in size from small units used in vehicles or single rooms to massive units that can cool large buildings.^[6] Air source heat pumps, which can be used for heating as well as cooling, are becoming increasingly common in cooler climates.

Air conditioners can reduce mortality rates due to higher temperature.^[7] According to the International Energy Agency (IEA) 1.6 billion air conditioning units were used globally in 2016.^[8] The United Nations called for the technology to be made more sustainable to mitigate climate change and for the use of alternatives, like passive cooling, evaporative cooling, selective shading, windcatchers, and better thermal insulation.

History

[edit]

Air conditioning dates back to prehistory.^[9] Double-walled living quarters, with a gap between the two walls to encourage air flow, were found in the ancient city of Hamoukar, in modern Syria.^[10] Ancient Egyptian buildings also used a wide variety of passive air-conditioning techniques.^[11] These became widespread from the Iberian Peninsula through North Africa, the Middle East, and Northern India.^[12]

Passive techniques remained widespread until the 20th century when they fell out of fashion and were replaced by powered air conditioning. Using information from engineering studies of traditional buildings, passive techniques are being revived and modified for 21st-century architectural designs.^[13]^[12]

An array of air conditioner condenser units outside a commercial office building

Air conditioners allow the building's indoor environment to remain relatively constant, largely independent of changes in external weather conditions and internal heat loads. They also enable deep plan buildings to be created and have allowed people to live comfortably in hotter parts of the world.^[14]

Development

[edit]

Preceding discoveries

[edit]

In 1558, Giambattista della Porta described a method of chilling ice to temperatures far below its freezing point by mixing it with potassium nitrate (then called "nitre") in his popular science book Natural Magic.^[15]^[16]^[17] In 1620, Cornelis Drebbel demonstrated "Turning Summer into Winter" for James I of England, chilling part of the Great Hall of Westminster Abbey with an apparatus of troughs and vats.^[18] Drebbel's contemporary Francis Bacon, like della Porta a believer in science communication, may not have been present at the demonstration, but in a book published later the same year, he described it as "experiment of artificial freezing" and said that "Nitre (or rather its spirit) is very cold, and hence nitre or salt when added to snow or ice intensifies the cold of the latter, the nitre by adding to its cold, but the salt by supplying activity to the cold of the snow."^[15]

In 1758, Benjamin Franklin and John Hadley, a chemistry professor at the University of Cambridge, conducted experiments applying the principle of evaporation as a means to cool an object rapidly. Franklin and Hadley confirmed that the evaporation of highly volatile liquids (such as alcohol and ether) could be used to drive down the temperature of an object past the freezing point of water. They experimented with the bulb of a mercury-in-glass thermometer as their object. They used a bellows to speed up the evaporation. They lowered the temperature of the thermometer bulb down to −14 °C (7 °F) while the ambient temperature was 18 °C (64 °F). Franklin noted that soon after they passed the freezing point of water 0 °C (32 °F), a thin film of ice formed on the surface of the thermometer's bulb and that the ice mass was about 6 mm (1⁄4 in) thick when they stopped the experiment upon reaching −14 °C (7 °F). Franklin concluded: "From this experiment, one may see the possibility of freezing a man to death on a warm summer's day."^[19]

The 19th century included many developments in compression technology. In 1820, English scientist and inventor Michael Faraday discovered that compressing and liquefying ammonia could chill air when the liquefied ammonia was allowed to evaporate.^[20] In 1842, Florida physician John Gorrie used compressor technology to create ice, which he used to cool air for his patients in his hospital in Apalachicola, Florida. He hoped to eventually use his ice-making machine to regulate the temperature of buildings.^[20]^[21] He envisioned centralized air conditioning that could cool entire cities. Gorrie was granted a patent in 1851,^[22] but following the death of his main backer, he was not able to realize his invention.^[23] In 1851, James Harrison created the first mechanical ice-making machine in Geelong, Australia, and was granted a patent for an ether vapor-compression refrigeration system in 1855 that produced three tons of ice per day.^[24] In 1860, Harrison established a second ice company. He later entered the debate over competing against the American advantage of ice-refrigerated beef sales to the United Kingdom.^[24]

First devices

[edit]

Electricity made the development of effective units possible. In 1901, American inventor Willis H. Carrier built what is considered the first modern electrical air conditioning unit.^[25]^[26]^[27]^[28] In 1902, he installed his first air-conditioning system, in the Sackett-Wilhelms Lithographing & Publishing Company in Brooklyn, New York.^[29] His invention controlled both the temperature and humidity, which helped maintain consistent paper dimensions and ink alignment at the printing plant. Later, together with six other employees, Carrier formed The Carrier Air Conditioning Company of America, a business that in 2020 employed 53,000 people and was valued at $18.6 billion.^[30]^[31]

In 1906, Stuart W. Cramer of Charlotte, North Carolina, was exploring ways to add moisture to the air in his textile mill. Cramer coined the term "air conditioning" in a patent claim which he filed that year, where he suggested that air conditioning was analogous to "water conditioning", then a well-known process for making textiles easier to process.^[32] He combined moisture with ventilation to "condition" and change the air in the factories; thus, controlling the humidity that is necessary in textile plants. Willis Carrier adopted the term and incorporated it into the name of his company.^[33]

Domestic air conditioning soon took off. In 1914, the first domestic air conditioning was installed in Minneapolis in the home of Charles Gilbert Gates. It is, however, possible that the considerable device (c. 2.1 m × 1.8 m × 6.1 m; 7 ft × 6 ft × 20 ft) was never used, as the house remained uninhabited^[20] (Gates had already died in October 1913.)

In 1931, H.H. Schultz and J.Q. Sherman developed what would become the most common type of individual room air conditioner: one designed to sit on a window ledge. The units went on sale in 1932 at US$10,000 to $50,000 (the equivalent of $200,000 to $1,200,000 in 2024.)^[20] A year later, the first air conditioning systems for cars were offered for sale.^[34] Chrysler Motors introduced the first practical semi-portable air conditioning unit in 1935,^[35] and Packard became the first automobile manufacturer to offer an air conditioning unit in its cars in 1939.^[36]

Further development

[edit]

Innovations in the latter half of the 20th century allowed more ubiquitous air conditioner use. In 1945, Robert Sherman of Lynn, Massachusetts, invented a portable, in-window air conditioner that cooled, heated, humidified, dehumidified, and filtered the air.^[37] The first inverter air conditioners were released in 1980–1981.^[38]^[39]

In 1954, Ned Cole, a 1939 architecture graduate from the University of Texas at Austin, developed the first experimental "suburb" with inbuilt air conditioning in each house. 22 homes were developed on a flat, treeless track in northwest Austin, Texas, and the community was christened the 'Austin Air-Conditioned Village.' The residents were subjected to a year-long study of the effects of air conditioning led by the nation’s premier air conditioning companies, builders, and social scientists. In addition, researchers from UT’s Health Service and Psychology Department studied the effects on the "artificially cooled humans." One of the more amusing discoveries was that each family reported being troubled with scorpions, the leading theory being that scorpions sought cool, shady places. Other reported changes in lifestyle were that mothers baked more, families ate heavier foods, and they were more apt to choose hot drinks.^[40]^[41]

Air conditioner adoption tends to increase above around $10,000 annual household income in warmer areas.^[42] Global GDP growth explains around 85% of increased air condition adoption by 2050, while the remaining 15% can be explained by climate change.^[42]

As of 2016 an estimated 1.6 billion air conditioning units were used worldwide, with over half of them in China and USA, and a total cooling capacity of 11,675 gigawatts.^[8]^[43] The International Energy Agency predicted in 2018 that the number of air conditioning units would grow to around 4 billion units by 2050 and that the total cooling capacity would grow to around 23,000 GW, with the biggest increases in India and China.^[8] Between 1995 and 2004, the proportion of urban households in China with air conditioners increased from 8% to 70%.^[44] As of 2015, nearly 100 million homes, or about 87% of US households, had air conditioning systems.^[45] In 2019, it was estimated that 90% of new single-family homes constructed in the US included air conditioning (ranging from 99% in the South to 62% in the West).^[46]^[47]

Operation

[edit]

Operating principles

[edit]

Main article: Vapor-compression refrigeration

A simple stylized diagram of the refrigeration cycle: 1) condensing coil, 2) expansion valve, 3) evaporator coil, 4) compressor

Cooling in traditional air conditioner systems is accomplished using the vapor-compression cycle, which uses a refrigerant's forced circulation and phase change between gas and liquid to transfer heat.^[48]^[49] The vapor-compression cycle can occur within a unitary, or packaged piece of equipment; or within a chiller that is connected to terminal cooling equipment (such as a fan coil unit in an air handler) on its evaporator side and heat rejection equipment such as a cooling tower on its condenser side. An air source heat pump shares many components with an air conditioning system, but includes a reversing valve, which allows the unit to be used to heat as well as cool a space.^[50]

Air conditioning equipment will reduce the absolute humidity of the air processed by the system if the surface of the evaporator coil is significantly cooler than the dew point of the surrounding air. An air conditioner designed for an occupied space will typically achieve a 30% to 60% relative humidity in the occupied space.^[51]

Most modern air-conditioning systems feature a dehumidification cycle during which the compressor runs. At the same time, the fan is slowed to reduce the evaporator temperature and condense more water. A dehumidifier uses the same refrigeration cycle but incorporates both the evaporator and the condenser into the same air path; the air first passes over the evaporator coil, where it is cooled^[52] and dehumidified before passing over the condenser coil, where it is warmed again before it is released back into the room.^{[citation needed]}

Free cooling can sometimes be selected when the external air is cooler than the internal air. Therefore, the compressor does not need to be used, resulting in high cooling efficiencies for these times. This may also be combined with seasonal thermal energy storage.^[53]

Heating

[edit]

Main article: Heat pump

Some air conditioning systems can reverse the refrigeration cycle and act as an air source heat pump, thus heating instead of cooling the indoor environment. They are also commonly referred to as "reverse cycle air conditioners". The heat pump is significantly more energy-efficient than electric resistance heating, because it moves energy from air or groundwater to the heated space and the heat from purchased electrical energy. When the heat pump is in heating mode, the indoor evaporator coil switches roles and becomes the condenser coil, producing heat. The outdoor condenser unit also switches roles to serve as the evaporator and discharges cold air (colder than the ambient outdoor air).

Most air source heat pumps become less efficient in outdoor temperatures lower than 4 °C or 40 °F.^[54] This is partly because ice forms on the outdoor unit's heat exchanger coil, which blocks air flow over the coil. To compensate for this, the heat pump system must temporarily switch back into the regular air conditioning mode to switch the outdoor evaporator coil back to the condenser coil, to heat up and defrost. Therefore, some heat pump systems will have electric resistance heating in the indoor air path that is activated only in this mode to compensate for the temporary indoor air cooling, which would otherwise be uncomfortable in the winter.

Newer models have improved cold-weather performance, with efficient heating capacity down to −14 °F (−26 °C).^[55]^[54]^[56] However, there is always a chance that the humidity that condenses on the heat exchanger of the outdoor unit could freeze, even in models that have improved cold-weather performance, requiring a defrosting cycle to be performed.

The icing problem becomes much more severe with lower outdoor temperatures, so heat pumps are sometimes installed in tandem with a more conventional form of heating, such as an electrical heater, a natural gas, heating oil, or wood-burning fireplace or central heating, which is used instead of or in addition to the heat pump during harsher winter temperatures. In this case, the heat pump is used efficiently during milder temperatures, and the system is switched to the conventional heat source when the outdoor temperature is lower.

Performance

[edit]

Main articles: coefficient of performance, Seasonal energy efficiency ratio, and European seasonal energy efficiency ratio

The coefficient of performance (COP) of an air conditioning system is a ratio of useful heating or cooling provided to the work required.^[57]^[58] Higher COPs equate to lower operating costs. The COP usually exceeds 1; however, the exact value is highly dependent on operating conditions, especially absolute temperature and relative temperature between sink and system, and is often graphed or averaged against expected conditions.^[59] Air conditioner equipment power in the U.S. is often described in terms of "tons of refrigeration", with each approximately equal to the cooling power of one short ton (2,000 pounds (910 kg) of ice melting in a 24-hour period. The value is equal to 12,000 BTU_IT per hour, or 3,517 watts.^[60] Residential central air systems are usually from 1 to 5 tons (3.5 to 18 kW) in capacity.^{[citation needed]}

The efficiency of air conditioners is often rated by the seasonal energy efficiency ratio (SEER), which is defined by the Air Conditioning, Heating and Refrigeration Institute in its 2008 standard AHRI 210/240, Performance Rating of Unitary Air-Conditioning and Air-Source Heat Pump Equipment.^[61] A similar standard is the European seasonal energy efficiency ratio (ESEER).^{[citation needed]}

Efficiency is strongly affected by the humidity of the air to be cooled. Dehumidifying the air before attempting to cool it can reduce subsequent cooling costs by as much as 90 percent. Thus, reducing dehumidifying costs can materially affect overall air conditioning costs.^[62]

Control system

[edit]

Wireless remote control

[edit]

Main articles: Remote control and Infrared blaster

A wireless remote controller

The infrared transmitting LED on the remote

The infrared receiver on the air conditioner

This type of controller uses an infrared LED to relay commands from a remote control to the air conditioner. The output of the infrared LED (like that of any infrared remote) is invisible to the human eye because its wavelength is beyond the range of visible light (940 nm). This system is commonly used on mini-split air conditioners because it is simple and portable. Some window and ducted central air conditioners uses it as well.

Wired controller

[edit]

Main article: Thermostat

Several wired controllers (Indonesia, 2024)

A wired controller, also called a "wired thermostat," is a device that controls an air conditioner by switching heating or cooling on or off. It uses different sensors to measure temperatures and actuate control operations. Mechanical thermostats commonly use bimetallic strips, converting a temperature change into mechanical displacement, to actuate control of the air conditioner. Electronic thermostats, instead, use a thermistor or other semiconductor sensor, processing temperature change as electronic signals to control the air conditioner.

These controllers are usually used in hotel rooms because they are permanently installed into a wall and hard-wired directly into the air conditioner unit, eliminating the need for batteries.

Types

[edit]

Types	Typical Capacity*	Air supply	Mounting	Typical application
Mini-split	small – large	Direct	Wall	Residential
Window	very small – small	Direct	Window	Residential
Portable	very small – small	Direct / Ducted	Floor	Residential, remote areas
Ducted (individual)	small – very large	Ducted	Ceiling	Residential, commercial
Ducted (central)	medium – very large	Ducted	Ceiling	Residential, commercial
Ceiling suspended	medium – large	Direct	Ceiling	Commercial
Cassette	medium – large	Direct / Ducted	Ceiling	Commercial
Floor standing	medium – large	Direct / Ducted	Floor	Commercial
Packaged	very large	Direct / Ducted	Floor	Commercial
Packaged RTU (Rooftop Unit)	very large	Ducted	Rooftop	Commercial

* where the typical capacity is in kilowatt as follows:

very small: <1.5 kW
small: 1.5–3.5 kW
medium: 4.2–7.1 kW
large: 7.2–14 kW
very large: >14 kW

Mini-split and multi-split systems

[edit]

Ductless systems (often mini-split, though there are now ducted mini-split) typically supply conditioned and heated air to a single or a few rooms of a building, without ducts and in a decentralized manner.^[63] Multi-zone or multi-split systems are a common application of ductless systems and allow up to eight rooms (zones or locations) to be conditioned independently from each other, each with its indoor unit and simultaneously from a single outdoor unit.

The first mini-split system was sold in 1961 by Toshiba in Japan, and the first wall-mounted mini-split air conditioner was sold in 1968 in Japan by Mitsubishi Electric, where small home sizes motivated their development. The Mitsubishi model was the first air conditioner with a cross-flow fan.^[64]^[65]^[66] In 1969, the first mini-split air conditioner was sold in the US.^[67] Multi-zone ductless systems were invented by Daikin in 1973, and variable refrigerant flow systems (which can be thought of as larger multi-split systems) were also invented by Daikin in 1982. Both were first sold in Japan.^[68] Variable refrigerant flow systems when compared with central plant cooling from an air handler, eliminate the need for large cool air ducts, air handlers, and chillers; instead cool refrigerant is transported through much smaller pipes to the indoor units in the spaces to be conditioned, thus allowing for less space above dropped ceilings and a lower structural impact, while also allowing for more individual and independent temperature control of spaces. The outdoor and indoor units can be spread across the building.^[69] Variable refrigerant flow indoor units can also be turned off individually in unused spaces.^{[citation needed]} The lower start-up power of VRF's DC inverter compressors and their inherent DC power requirements also allow VRF solar-powered heat pumps to be run using DC-providing solar panels.

Ducted central systems

[edit]

Split-system central air conditioners consist of two heat exchangers, an outside unit (the condenser) from which heat is rejected to the environment and an internal heat exchanger (the evaporator, or Fan Coil Unit, FCU) with the piped refrigerant being circulated between the two. The FCU is then connected to the spaces to be cooled by ventilation ducts.^[70] Floor standing air conditioners are similar to this type of air conditioner but sit within spaces that need cooling.

Central plant cooling

[edit]

Portable units

[edit]

A portable system has an indoor unit on wheels connected to an outdoor unit via flexible pipes, similar to a permanently fixed installed unit (such as a ductless split air conditioner).

Hose systems, which can be monoblock or air-to-air, are vented to the outside via air ducts. The monoblock type collects the water in a bucket or tray and stops when full. The air-to-air type re-evaporates the water, discharges it through the ducted hose, and can run continuously. Many but not all portable units draw indoor air and expel it outdoors through a single duct, negatively impacting their overall cooling efficiency.

Many portable air conditioners come with heat as well as a dehumidification function.^[73]

Window unit and packaged terminal

[edit]

Main article: Packaged terminal air conditioner

The packaged terminal air conditioner (PTAC), through-the-wall, and window air conditioners are similar. These units are installed on a window frame or on a wall opening. The unit usually has an internal partition separating its indoor and outdoor sides, which contain the unit's condenser and evaporator, respectively. PTAC systems may be adapted to provide heating in cold weather, either directly by using an electric strip, gas, or other heaters, or by reversing the refrigerant flow to heat the interior and draw heat from the exterior air, converting the air conditioner into a heat pump. They may be installed in a wall opening with the help of a special sleeve on the wall and a custom grill that is flush with the wall and window air conditioners can also be installed in a window, but without a custom grill.^[74]

Packaged air conditioner

[edit]

Packaged air conditioners (also known as self-contained units)^[75]^[76] are central systems that integrate into a single housing all the components of a split central system, and deliver air, possibly through ducts, to the spaces to be cooled. Depending on their construction they may be outdoors or indoors, on roofs (rooftop units),^[77]^[78] draw the air to be conditioned from inside or outside a building and be water or air-cooled. Often, outdoor units are air-cooled while indoor units are liquid-cooled using a cooling tower.^[70]^[79]^[80]^[81]^[82]^[83]

Types of compressors

[edit]

Compressor types	Common applications	Typical capacity	Efficiency	Durability	Repairability
Reciprocating	Refrigerator, Walk-in freezer, portable air conditioners	small – large	very low (small capacity) medium (large capacity)	very low	medium
Rotary vane	Residential mini splits	small	low	low	easy
Scroll	Commercial and central systems, VRF	medium	medium	medium	easy
Rotary screw	Commercial chiller	medium – large	medium	medium	hard
Centrifugal	Commercial chiller	very large	medium	high	hard
Maglev Centrifugal	Commercial chiller	very large	high	very high	very hard

Reciprocating

[edit]

Main article: Reciprocating compressor

This compressor consists of a crankcase, crankshaft, piston rod, piston, piston ring, cylinder head and valves. ^{[citation needed]}

Scroll

[edit]

Main article: Scroll compressor

This compressor uses two interleaving scrolls to compress the refrigerant.^[84] it consists of one fixed and one orbiting scrolls. This type of compressor is more efficient because it has 70 percent less moving parts than a reciprocating compressor. ^{[citation needed]}

Screw

[edit]

Main article: Rotary-screw compressor

This compressor use two very closely meshing spiral rotors to compress the gas. The gas enters at the suction side and moves through the threads as the screws rotate. The meshing rotors force the gas through the compressor, and the gas exits at the end of the screws. The working area is the inter-lobe volume between the male and female rotors. It is larger at the intake end, and decreases along the length of the rotors until the exhaust port. This change in volume is the compression. ^{[citation needed]}

Capacity modulation technologies

[edit]

There are several ways to modulate the cooling capacity in refrigeration or air conditioning and heating systems. The most common in air conditioning are: on-off cycling, hot gas bypass, use or not of liquid injection, manifold configurations of multiple compressors, mechanical modulation (also called digital), and inverter technology. ^{[citation needed]}

Hot gas bypass

[edit]

Hot gas bypass involves injecting a quantity of gas from discharge to the suction side. The compressor will keep operating at the same speed, but due to the bypass, the refrigerant mass flow circulating with the system is reduced, and thus the cooling capacity. This naturally causes the compressor to run uselessly during the periods when the bypass is operating. The turn down capacity varies between 0 and 100%.^[85]

Manifold configurations

[edit]

Several compressors can be installed in the system to provide the peak cooling capacity. Each compressor can run or not in order to stage the cooling capacity of the unit. The turn down capacity is either 0/33/66 or 100% for a trio configuration and either 0/50 or 100% for a tandem.^{[citation needed]}

Mechanically modulated compressor

[edit]

This internal mechanical capacity modulation is based on periodic compression process with a control valve, the two scroll set move apart stopping the compression for a given time period. This method varies refrigerant flow by changing the average time of compression, but not the actual speed of the motor. Despite an excellent turndown ratio – from 10 to 100% of the cooling capacity, mechanically modulated scrolls have high energy consumption as the motor continuously runs.^{[citation needed]}

Variable-speed compressor

[edit]

Main article: Inverter compressor

This system uses a variable-frequency drive (also called an Inverter) to control the speed of the compressor. The refrigerant flow rate is changed by the change in the speed of the compressor. The turn down ratio depends on the system configuration and manufacturer. It modulates from 15 or 25% up to 100% at full capacity with a single inverter from 12 to 100% with a hybrid tandem. This method is the most efficient way to modulate an air conditioner's capacity. It is up to 58% more efficient than a fixed speed system.^{[citation needed]}

Impact

[edit]

Health effects

[edit]

In hot weather, air conditioning can prevent heat stroke, dehydration due to excessive sweating, electrolyte imbalance, kidney failure, and other issues due to hyperthermia.^[8]^[86] Heat waves are the most lethal type of weather phenomenon in the United States.^[87]^[88] A 2020 study found that areas with lower use of air conditioning correlated with higher rates of heat-related mortality and hospitalizations.^[89] The August 2003 France heatwave resulted in approximately 15,000 deaths, where 80% of the victims were over 75 years old. In response, the French government required all retirement homes to have at least one air-conditioned room at 25 °C (77 °F) per floor during heatwaves.^[8]

Air conditioning (including filtration, humidification, cooling and disinfection) can be used to provide a clean, safe, hypoallergenic atmosphere in hospital operating rooms and other environments where proper atmosphere is critical to patient safety and well-being. It is sometimes recommended for home use by people with allergies, especially mold.^[90]^[91] However, poorly maintained water cooling towers can promote the growth and spread of microorganisms such as Legionella pneumophila, the infectious agent responsible for Legionnaires' disease. As long as the cooling tower is kept clean (usually by means of a chlorine treatment), these health hazards can be avoided or reduced. The state of New York has codified requirements for registration, maintenance, and testing of cooling towers to protect against Legionella.^[92]

Economic effects

[edit]

First designed to benefit targeted industries such as the press as well as large factories, the invention quickly spread to public agencies and administrations with studies with claims of increased productivity close to 24% in places equipped with air conditioning.^[93]

Air conditioning caused various shifts in demography, notably that of the United States starting from the 1970s. In the US, the birth rate was lower in the spring than during other seasons until the 1970s but this difference then declined since then.^[94] As of 2007, the Sun Belt contained 30% of the total US population while it was inhabited by 24% of Americans at the beginning of the 20th century.^[95] Moreover, the summer mortality rate in the US, which had been higher in regions subject to a heat wave during the summer, also evened out.^[7]

The spread of the use of air conditioning acts as a main driver for the growth of global demand of electricity.^[96] According to a 2018 report from the International Energy Agency (IEA), it was revealed that the energy consumption for cooling in the United States, involving 328 million Americans, surpasses the combined energy consumption of 4.4 billion people in Africa, Latin America, the Middle East, and Asia (excluding China).^[8] A 2020 survey found that an estimated 88% of all US households use AC, increasing to 93% when solely looking at homes built between 2010 and 2020.^[97]

Environmental effects

[edit]

Space cooling including air conditioning accounted globally for 2021 terawatt-hours of energy usage in 2016 with around 99% in the form of electricity, according to a 2018 report on air-conditioning efficiency by the International Energy Agency.^[8] The report predicts an increase of electricity usage due to space cooling to around 6200 TWh by 2050,^[8]^[98] and that with the progress currently seen, greenhouse gas emissions attributable to space cooling will double: 1,135 million tons (2016) to 2,070 million tons.^[8] There is some push to increase the energy efficiency of air conditioners. United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP) and the IEA found that if air conditioners could be twice as effective as now, 460 billion tons of GHG could be cut over 40 years.^[99] The UNEP and IEA also recommended legislation to decrease the use of hydrofluorocarbons, better building insulation, and more sustainable temperature-controlled food supply chains going forward.^[99]

Refrigerants have also caused and continue to cause serious environmental issues, including ozone depletion and climate change, as several countries have not yet ratified the Kigali Amendment to reduce the consumption and production of hydrofluorocarbons.^[100] CFCs and HCFCs refrigerants such as R-12 and R-22, respectively, used within air conditioners have caused damage to the ozone layer,^[101] and hydrofluorocarbon refrigerants such as R-410A and R-404A, which were designed to replace CFCs and HCFCs, are instead exacerbating climate change.^[102] Both issues happen due to the venting of refrigerant to the atmosphere, such as during repairs. HFO refrigerants, used in some if not most new equipment, solve both issues with an ozone damage potential (ODP) of zero and a much lower global warming potential (GWP) in the single or double digits vs. the three or four digits of hydrofluorocarbons.^[103]

Hydrofluorocarbons would have raised global temperatures by around 0.3–0.5 °C (0.5–0.9 °F) by 2100 without the Kigali Amendment. With the Kigali Amendment, the increase of global temperatures by 2100 due to hydrofluorocarbons is predicted to be around 0.06 °C (0.1 °F).^[104]

Alternatives to continual air conditioning include passive cooling, passive solar cooling, natural ventilation, operating shades to reduce solar gain, using trees, architectural shades, windows (and using window coatings) to reduce solar gain.^{[citation needed]}

Social effects

[edit]

Socioeconomic groups with a household income below around $10,000 tend to have a low air conditioning adoption,^[42] which worsens heat-related mortality.^[7] The lack of cooling can be hazardous, as areas with lower use of air conditioning correlate with higher rates of heat-related mortality and hospitalizations.^[89] Premature mortality in NYC is projected to grow between 47% and 95% in 30 years, with lower-income and vulnerable populations most at risk.^[89] Studies on the correlation between heat-related mortality and hospitalizations and living in low socioeconomic locations can be traced in Phoenix, Arizona,^[105] Hong Kong,^[106] China,^[106] Japan,^[107] and Italy.^[108]^[109] Additionally, costs concerning health care can act as another barrier, as the lack of private health insurance during a 2009 heat wave in Australia, was associated with heat-related hospitalization.^[109]

Disparities in socioeconomic status and access to air conditioning are connected by some to institutionalized racism, which leads to the association of specific marginalized communities with lower economic status, poorer health, residing in hotter neighborhoods, engaging in physically demanding labor, and experiencing limited access to cooling technologies such as air conditioning.^[109] A study overlooking Chicago, Illinois, Detroit, and Michigan found that black households were half as likely to have central air conditioning units when compared to their white counterparts.^[110] Especially in cities, Redlining creates heat islands, increasing temperatures in certain parts of the city.^[109] This is due to materials heat-absorbing building materials and pavements and lack of vegetation and shade coverage.^[111] There have been initiatives that provide cooling solutions to low-income communities, such as public cooling spaces.^[8]^[111]

Other techniques

[edit]

Buildings designed with passive air conditioning are generally less expensive to construct and maintain than buildings with conventional HVAC systems with lower energy demands.^[112] While tens of air changes per hour, and cooling of tens of degrees, can be achieved with passive methods, site-specific microclimate must be taken into account, complicating building design.^[12]

Many techniques can be used to increase comfort and reduce the temperature in buildings. These include evaporative cooling, selective shading, wind, thermal convection, and heat storage.^[113]

Passive ventilation

[edit]

This section is an excerpt from Passive ventilation.[edit]

The ventilation system of a regular earthship

Passive ventilation is the process of supplying air to and removing air from an indoor space without using mechanical systems. It refers to the flow of external air to an indoor space as a result of pressure differences arising from natural forces.

There are two types of natural ventilation occurring in buildings: wind driven ventilation and buoyancy-driven ventilation. Wind driven ventilation arises from the different pressures created by wind around a building or structure, and openings being formed on the perimeter which then permit flow through the building. Buoyancy-driven ventilation occurs as a result of the directional buoyancy force that results from temperature differences between the interior and exterior.^[114]

Since the internal heat gains which create temperature differences between the interior and exterior are created by natural processes, including the heat from people, and wind effects are variable, naturally ventilated buildings are sometimes called "breathing buildings".

Passive cooling

[edit]

This section is an excerpt from Passive cooling.[edit]

A traditional Iranian solar cooling design using a wind tower

Passive cooling is a building design approach that focuses on heat gain control and heat dissipation in a building in order to improve the indoor thermal comfort with low or no energy consumption.^[115]^[116] This approach works either by preventing heat from entering the interior (heat gain prevention) or by removing heat from the building (natural cooling).^[117]

Natural cooling utilizes on-site energy, available from the natural environment, combined with the architectural design of building components (e.g. building envelope), rather than mechanical systems to dissipate heat.^[118] Therefore, natural cooling depends not only on the architectural design of the building but on how the site's natural resources are used as heat sinks (i.e. everything that absorbs or dissipates heat). Examples of on-site heat sinks are the upper atmosphere (night sky), the outdoor air (wind), and the earth/soil.

Passive cooling is an important tool for design of buildings for climate change adaptation – reducing dependency on energy-intensive air conditioning in warming environments.^[119]^[120]

A pair of short windcatchers (*malqaf*) used in traditional architecture; wind is forced down on the windward side and leaves on the leeward side (*cross-ventilation*). In the absence of wind, the circulation can be driven with evaporative cooling in the inlet (which is also designed to catch dust). In the center, a *shuksheika* (roof lantern vent), used to shade the qa'a below while allowing hot air rise out of it (*stack effect*).^[11]

Daytime radiative cooling

[edit]

Passive daytime radiative cooling (PDRC) surfaces reflect incoming solar radiation and heat back into outer space through the infrared window for cooling during the daytime. Daytime radiative cooling became possible with the ability to suppress solar heating using photonic structures, which emerged through a study by Raman et al. (2014).^[122] PDRCs can come in a variety of forms, including paint coatings and films, that are designed to be high in solar reflectance and thermal emittance.^[121]^[123]

PDRC applications on building roofs and envelopes have demonstrated significant decreases in energy consumption and costs.^[123] In suburban single-family residential areas, PDRC application on roofs can potentially lower energy costs by 26% to 46%.^[124] PDRCs are predicted to show a market size of ~$27 billion for indoor space cooling by 2025 and have undergone a surge in research and development since the 2010s.^[125]^[126]

Fans

[edit]

Main article: Ceiling fan

Hand fans have existed since prehistory. Large human-powered fans built into buildings include the punkah.

The 2nd-century Chinese inventor Ding Huan of the Han dynasty invented a rotary fan for air conditioning, with seven wheels 3 m (10 ft) in diameter and manually powered by prisoners.^[127]^{: 99, 151, 233} In 747, Emperor Xuanzong (r. 712–762) of the Tang dynasty (618–907) had the Cool Hall (Liang Dian 涼殿) built in the imperial palace, which the Tang Yulin describes as having water-powered fan wheels for air conditioning as well as rising jet streams of water from fountains. During the subsequent Song dynasty (960–1279), written sources mentioned the air conditioning rotary fan as even more widely used.^[127]^{: 134, 151}

Thermal buffering

[edit]

In areas that are cold at night or in winter, heat storage is used. Heat may be stored in earth or masonry; air is drawn past the masonry to heat or cool it.^[13]

In areas that are below freezing at night in winter, snow and ice can be collected and stored in ice houses for later use in cooling.^[13] This technique is over 3,700 years old in the Middle East.^[128] Harvesting outdoor ice during winter and transporting and storing for use in summer was practiced by wealthy Europeans in the early 1600s,^[15] and became popular in Europe and the Americas towards the end of the 1600s.^[129] This practice was replaced by mechanical compression-cycle icemakers.

Evaporative cooling

[edit]

Main article: Evaporative cooler

In dry, hot climates, the evaporative cooling effect may be used by placing water at the air intake, such that the draft draws air over water and then into the house. For this reason, it is sometimes said that the fountain, in the architecture of hot, arid climates, is like the fireplace in the architecture of cold climates.^[11] Evaporative cooling also makes the air more humid, which can be beneficial in a dry desert climate.^[130]

Evaporative coolers tend to feel as if they are not working during times of high humidity, when there is not much dry air with which the coolers can work to make the air as cool as possible for dwelling occupants. Unlike other types of air conditioners, evaporative coolers rely on the outside air to be channeled through cooler pads that cool the air before it reaches the inside of a house through its air duct system; this cooled outside air must be allowed to push the warmer air within the house out through an exhaust opening such as an open door or window.^[131]

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